(A flat) " Prince Charles Lichnowsky.
Op. 27 No. 1 (E flat) " Princess Liechtenstein.
" No. 2 (C sharp minor) " Countess Giulietta Guicciardi.
Op. 28 (D) " Joseph de Sonnenfels.
Op. 31 No. 1 (G) 1803.
" No. 2 (D minor) "
" No. 3 (E flat) 1804.
Op. 49 No. 1 (G minor) 1805.
" No. 2 (G) "
Op. 53 (C) " Count Waldstein.
Op. 54 (F) 1806.
Op. 57 (F minor) 1807. Count Brunswick.
Op. 78 (F sharp) 1810. Countess Theresa of Brunswick.
Op. 79 (G) "
Op. 81A (E flat; "Das Lebewohl,
die Abwesenheit,
das Wiedersehn") 1811. Archduke Rudolph.
Op. 90 (E minor) 1815. Count Moritz Lichnowsky.
Op. 101 (A) 1817. Baroness Dorothea Ertmann.
Op. 106 (B flat) 1819. Archduke Rudolph.
Op. 109 (E) 1821. Maximiliane Brentano.
Op. 110 (A flat) 1822.
Op. 111 (C minor) 1823. Archduke Rudolph.

The autograph of the last sonata does not bear any dedication, but,
from a letter of Beethoven (1st June, 1823) to the Archduke, it is
evident that it was intended for the latter.[96]

The fanciful name of "Moonlight" to Op. 27 (No. 2), the appropriate
publisher's title of Op. 57, and the poetical superscriptions of Op.
81A, have, without doubt, helped those sonatas towards their
popularity. It does not always happen that the most popular works of a
man are his best; but these in question justly rank among Beethoven's
finest productions. The last five sonatas are wonderful tone-poems;
yet, with the exception, perhaps, of Op. 110, in A flat, as regards
perfection of form and unity of conception, not one equals Op. 27 (No.
2), Op. 31 (No. 2), and Op. 57. Apart from any aesthetic
considerations, the digital difficulties of the last five sonatas
prevent their becoming common property. The brilliant technique of Op.
53 has proved a special attraction to pianists, and it has therefore
become widely known. With this one sonata Beethoven proved his
superiority, even in the matter of virtuosity, over the best pianists
of his day.

In order to be able to enter fully into the spirit of the music of
great composers, it is necessary to know the history of their lives.
Beethoven's is fairly well know