been conquered about one hundred years before the Spanish
conquest. It was only after a most stubborn resistance that the
principal valleys were subdued.

Illustration of Cloth found in Grave.-----------------

It is not necessary, neither have we space, to give a review of all
the ruins along the coast. They are very plentiful. There is not an
inhabitable valley but that they abound there. The soil where not
irrigated is very dry, and tends to preserve any thing buried therein.
All the coast people buried their dead; hence it is that we find, in
nearly all the coast valleys, such extensive cemeteries. At Ancon,
for instance, twenty miles north of Lima it is simply wonderful how
extensive the cemeteries are. Mr. Hutchinson says they extend for miles.
Very extensive explorations have been made here for scientific purposes.
We have given, earlier, some water-jars excavated at Ancon, in last
illustration we have some specimens of cloth found in graves farther
north; and in the same locality was found a very wonderful piece of
feather-work. The small feathers were so fastened to a ground of cotton
cloth that they could not be pulled off.

Illustration of Wall in Huatica Valley.----------

Another noted place, about the same distance south of Lima, is
Pachacamac. Mr. Squier concludes, from the cemeteries at this place,
that it was a holy place, to which pilgrims resorted from all parts of
the empire so as to be laid to rest in holy ground. When we learn of
so many other similar localities, we see that this conclusion does not
follow. The most we can say is, that these valleys have surely been
settled for a long while.

The city of Lima is situated on the south bank of the Rimac River, about
six miles from the coast. Its port is the town of Callao. The valley is
called the Huatica Valley. Very extensive and wonderful rains occur in
this valley, between Lima and the sea. We are told these ruins are thick
and close over a space of a few square miles, and are inclosed within a
triple wall. The last cut is given as a representation of a portion
of this wall, though only a small portion here and there is still
discernible. Amongst these ruins are a large number of immense mounds.

Illustration of Burial Mound, or Huaca.------------

Some are huacas, or burial mounds; and some are in the nature of
fortresses. It is best to explain a little more particularly about the
burial mounds of the coast region of Peru. Thi