fied)
narrow gauge: 77 km 1.372-m gauge (77 km electrified); 20,265 km
1.067-m gauge (13,227 km electrified); 11 km 0.762-m gauge (11 km
electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 1,171,647 km
paved: 903,340 km (including 6,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 268,307 km (2001)

Waterways:
1,770 km (seagoing vessels use inland seas) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 2,719 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Chiba, Kawasaki, Kiire, Kisarazu, Kobe, Mizushima, Nagoya, Osaka,
Tokyo, Yohohama

Merchant marine:
total: 702 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 10,149,196 GRT/12,680,544 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 136, cargo 29, chemical tanker 23, container
13, liquefied gas 53, passenger 16, passenger/cargo 157, petroleum
tanker 160, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 52, vehicle
carrier 59
registered in other countries: 2,233 (2005)

Airports:
174 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 143
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 37
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 28
under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 31
over 3047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
15 (2004 est.)

Military Japan

Military branches:
Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Maritime Self-Defense Force
(Navy), Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 27,003,112 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 22,234,663 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 683,147 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$45.841 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Japan

Disputes - international:
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and
Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands", occupied
by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed
by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace
treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South
Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do), occupied by South
Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to
the uninhab