red, and several captives liberated.
They are under the belief that when death does not occur, in consequence
of violence, it is owing to sorcery.

THE PAYAGUAS.

Another tribe or nation must be mentioned--the Payaguas, who inhabited
the territory of Paraguay, and from whom the district has taken its
name. They used canoes, and many of their warlike expeditions were
carried on down the river by water. The women had to perform all the
hard work, and were never allowed to eat meat. The boys and girls wore
no clothes, but the young men painted their bodies in a variety of
patterns.

The Tupis, another large tribe, appear either to have extended to the
Amazon, or to have been driven there from the south, as their language
is now spoken by the tribes on its banks.

The Toromonos were the chief tribe inhabiting the territory of Bolivia
to the north of the Gran Chaco. They lived in houses, each man building
one for himself. The men wore no clothes, but ornamented their heads
with a crown formed of feathers; whilst the women wore a small cotton
garment, only partially covering the person. They painted their faces,
and wore rings in their noses and lips. Many of their customs were
cruel and barbarous in the extreme, though they appear to have
cultivated the ground, and used ploughs and wooden implements of
agriculture. They employed bows and arrows in battle, as also for
fishing and killing game. They also showed skill in building canoes.

INDIANS OF BOLIVIA--NATIVE APOTHECARIES.

Even at the present day, as was the case in the time of the Incas, the
people of one of the tribes were distinguished for their medical
knowledge, and sent out travelling apothecaries, who collected herbs,--
traversing the whole of the continent. Markham describes meeting with a
party of them emerging from the forest,--cadaverous, miserable-looking
men, almost worn to death by fatigue and hardship. They wore their long
hair plaited and secured behind in the form of a queue. They came from
the district of Yungas, and are called Yunguenos, or Cherrihuanos.
Formerly they went on foot, but they now ride asses, on which they carry
the herbs and nuts, reputed efficacious for the cure of sickness; as
well as bundles of chinchona, coca leaf, incense, and other articles.

The Bolivian Indians were subdued only in 1843. Each village or toldera
of these tribes is governed by a cacique, generally possessing
hereditary rank; though, as in other