what persons? with what
medicine? and in what vein, those things ought to be done?
Likewise, what is the use of narcoticks and sleeping medicines? and
what caution is to be observed in them? what is the position and
site of the internal places? and by what passages medicines come to
there? what is the use of clysters, what kind of vomits, the
danger, kind and measure?

Under the London Company, the physicians and surgeons in Virginia had
the same education, training, and met the same standards as their
counterparts in England. This was, in part, because the Company had
good reason to supply adequate medical service, and because the men
sent were but Englishmen transplanted to America. Walter Russell, who
came to Virginia in 1608 was a "Doctour of Physicke" and Lawrence
Bohun, De la Warr's physician, had the same degree. Pott, who succeeded
Bohun as physician-general of Virginia in 1621, came recommended as a
Master of Arts well-practiced in surgery and physics.

After the Company's charter was annulled, few physicians or surgeons
with the advanced medical degrees came to Virginia. Some of the
persons, however, who practiced medicine in Virginia without medical
degrees had acquired skills and knowledge in Europe or England before
coming to the New World.

Patrick Napier who came to Virginia about 1655 as an indentured servant
and subsequently had a large medical practice, probably learned his
profession in England or on the Continent, as might have Francis
Haddon, another who came under terms of indenture and who later, also,
had a considerable medical practice. To these two examples of persons
with training and experience acquired prior to their arrival in America
might be added the similar experiences of John Williams and John Inman.

Medical knowledge and practices brought over from England were
cross-fertilized with the European even in the New World. While the
majority of newcomers were Englishmen, French, German, and other
European physicians and surgeons came to Virginia. These European
medical men appear, in general, to have prospered in Virginia and were
anxious to become naturalized "denizens to this country."

George Hacke, born in Cologne, Germany, settled in Northampton County,
Virginia, in 1653 and was known as a doctor and practitioner of
medicine. He was typical of the European-trained medical man settling
in Virginia in becoming naturalized and in leaving a considerable
est