possible, and have it shown to a
doctor for examination.

=1481. Bleeding.= The following comparison between the blood and the
water in a city will enable you to understand easily the question of
bleeding:

[Illustration: Fig. 1]

The {water } flows from a pump called {waterworks} through
{_blood_} {_heart_ }
{rigid pipes } called {watermains}. When there is {a leak }
{_elastic tubes_} {_arteries_} {_bleeding_}
the {plumber } stops the flow of the {water } by
{_doctor_} {_blood_}
{turning a key valve } between the {waterworks} and the
{_pressing the blood tube shut_} {_heart_ }

{leak } and then proceeds to repair the leak
{_bleeding cut_}
{by soldering }. He then turns on the {water } by
{_by sewing or by bandaging_} {_blood_}
{opening the valve in the water main }.
{_removing pressure on the blood tube_}

Fig. 2 shows where pressure with the thumb will squeeze the blood tube
between the thumb and the bone.

[Illustration: Fig. 2

_Pressure with thumb at 1 checks bleeding of left side of chin cheek
and jaw._

_Pressure at 2 stops bleeding from big blood tube on left side of head
and neck and face._

_Pressure at 3 controls bleeding in arm pit and shoulder._

_Pressure at 4 checks bleeding in arm pit and anywhere down the arm
and hand._

_Pressure at 5 stops bleeding of arm and hand._

_Pressure at 6, on either leg, stops bleeding of leg and foot._]

In addition to the pressure raise the leg or arm or head above the
heart. This will slow the flow of the blood and lessen leakage.

However, one cannot hold the thumb forever on the blood tube, so we
make an artificial thumb, called a _tourniquet_, which is a pebble or
other hard object wrapped in some soft material (to prevent injury to
flesh), which is pressed down on the blood tube and held in place by a
strip of any material which can be tied so as to keep up the pressure.

A tourniquet, therefore, is like the valve in a water main.

[Illustration: Fig. 3

_The pebble_

_The pebble wrapped to protect the flesh_

_The bandage tied around over the pebble_

_The bandage twisted tightly by means of a windlass (stick) which is
held by another bandage_

_This shows pressure applied by tourniquet (also called Spanish
windlass) instead of the hand and by direct pressure of the First Aid
Pack