h
that carries the water from the camp. All surface drainage from higher
ground should be intercepted and turned aside.

=1249. Avoiding old camp sites.= The occupation of old camp sites is
dangerous, since these are often permeated by elements of disease
which persist for considerable periods.

=1250. Changing camp sites.= Camp sites must be changed promptly when
there is evidence of soil pollution or when epidemic disease
threatens. Also, a change of camp site is often desirable in order to
secure a change of surroundings and to abandon areas that have become
dusty and cut up.

=1251. Bunks.= Place a number of small poles about seven feet long
close together, the upper ends resting on a cross pole about six
inches in diameter and the lower ends resting on the ground; or, the
poles may be raised entirely off the ground by being placed on cross
poles supported by forked stakes at the corners; on the poles place
grass, leaves, etc.

=1252. Wood.= The firewood should be collected, cut and piled near the
kitchen. Dry wood is usually found under logs or roots of trees.

If wagons are not heavily loaded it is sometimes a good plan to bring
a few sticks of dry wood from the preceding camp, or to pick up good
wood en route.

=1253. Water.= Precautionary measures should always be taken to
prevent the contamination of the water, and a guard from the first
troops reaching camp should at once be placed over the water supply.

If the water is obtained from a stream, places should be designated as
follows for getting water:

(1) For drinking and cooking;
(2) For watering animals;
(3) For bathing and for washing clothing.

The first designated place should be farthest up the stream; the
others, in the order named, downstream.

Where two bodies of troops are to camp on the same stream one must not
pollute the water to be used by the other. This can be arranged by the
commanders agreeing upon a point where both commands will obtain their
drinking water, upon a second point where animals will be watered,
etc.

If the stream be small, the water supply may be increased by building
a dam.

Small springs may be dug out and each lined with a gabion, or a barrel
or box with both ends removed, or with stones, the space between the
lining and the earth being filled with puddled clay. A rim of clay
should be built to keep out surface drainage. The same method may be
used near swamps, streams, or lakes to increase or