_, linguistic analysis or grammar:
4. _Nirukta_, explanation of difficult Vedic words: 5. _Jyotishtom_,
Astronomy, or rather the Vedic Calendar: 6. _Kalpa_, ceremonial.

825 There appears to be some confusion of time here. It was already
morning when Hanuman entered the grove, and the torches would be
needless.

826 Ravan is one of those beings who can "climb them as they will," and
can of course assume the loveliest form to please human eyes as well
as the terrific shape that suits the king of the Rakshases.

827 White and lovely as the Arant or nectar recovered from the depths of
the Milky Sea when churned by the assembled Gods. See Book I, Canto
XLV.

828 Ravan in his magic car carrying off the most beautiful women reminds
us of the magician in _Orlando Furioso_, possesor of the flying
horse.

"Volando talor s'alza ne le stelle,
E poi quasi talor la terra rade;
E ne porta con lui tutte le belle
Donne che trova per quelle contrade."

829 Indian women twisted their long hair in a single braid as a sign of
mourning for their absent husbands.

830 Janak, king of Mithila, was Sita's father.

831 Hiranyakasipu was a king of the Daityas celebrated for his
blasphemous impieties. When his pious son Prahlada praised Vishnu
the Daitya tried to kill him, when the God appeared in the
incarnation of the man-lion and tore the tyrant to pieces.

832 Do unto others as thou wouldst they should do unto thee, is a
precept frequently occurring in the old Indian poems. This charity
is to embrace not human beings only, but bird and beast as well: "He
prayeth best who loveth best all things both great and small."

833 It was the custom of Indian warriors to mark their arrows with their
ciphers or names, and it seems to have been regarded as a point of
honour to give an enemy the satisfaction of knowing who had shot at
him. This passage however contains, if my memory serves me well, the
first mention in the poem of this practice, and as arrows have been
so frequently mentioned and described with almost every conceivable
epithet, its occurrence here seems suspicious. No mention of, or
allusion to writing has hitherto occurred in the poem.

834 This threat in the same words occurs in Book III, Canto LVI.

835 Ravan carried off and kept in his