one-third.

The quality and thickness of the insulation is the same as in the case
of the earlier cars, but the use of asbestos conduits is abandoned
and iron pipe substituted. In every respect it is believed that the
design and workmanship employed in mounting and wiring the motors and
control equipments under these steel cars is unequaled elsewhere in
similar work up to the present time.

[Illustration: APPARATUS UNDER STEEL MOTOR CAR]

The motors and car wiring are protected by a carefully planned system
of fuses, the function of which is to melt and open the circuits, so
cutting off power in case of failure of insulation.

Express trains and local trains alike are provided with a bus line,
which interconnects the electrical supply to all cars and prevents
interruption of the delivery of current to motors in case the
collector shoes attached to any given car should momentarily fail to
make contact with the third rail. At certain cross-overs this operates
to prevent extinguishing the lamps in successive cars as the train
passes from one track to another. The controller is so constructed
that when the train is in motion the motorman is compelled to keep his
hand upon it, otherwise the power is automatically cut off and the
brakes are applied. This important safety device, which, in case a
motorman be suddenly incapacitated at his post, will promptly stop the
train, is a recent invention and is first introduced in practical
service upon trains of the Interborough Company.

[Sidenote: _Heating
and
Lighting_]

All cars are heated and lighted by electricity. The heaters are placed
beneath the seats, and special precautions have been taken to insure
uniform distribution of the heat. The wiring for heaters and lights
has been practically safe-guarded to avoid, so far as possible, all
risk of short-circuit or fire, the wire used for the heater circuits
being carried upon porcelain insulators from all woodwork by large
clearances, while the wiring for lights is carried in metallic
conduit. All lamp sockets are specially designed to prevent
possibility of fire and are separated from the woodwork of the car by
air spaces and by asbestos.

[Illustration: (FIRE ALARM)]

The interior of each car is lighted by twenty-six 10-candle power
lamps, in addition to four lamps provided for platforms and markers.
The lamps for lighting the interior are carefully located, with a view
to securing uniform and effective illuminatio