he
belligerent interests of the other country, to carry on for the enemy
the commerce that she has lost by the pressure of the war,--rendering
the efforts of the successful power nugatory.

NOTE D.--_Articles that have been declared Contraband at various
times._

Gunpowder, arms, military equipments, and other things peculiarly
adapted to military purposes.

Sail cloths, masts, anchors, pitch, tar, and hemp, universally
contraband, even when destined to ports not of military equipment.

Cheeses, fit for naval use; such as Dutch cheeses, when exclusively
used in French ships of war.

Rosin, tallow, and ship biscuits, if destined to ports of military or
naval equipment.

Similarly, of Wines.

And ship timber, when so destined.

Ships of war, or ships adapted for such service, going to a port of
the enemy for sale.

Copper in sheets, certified by government dockyard officers as fit for
the sheathing of ships.

Brimstone, destined to a port of warlike equipment.

NOTE E.--_The Late Declarations_.

The first manifesto or declaration of war issued by the Queen, so far
follows the ancient form, that it gives a justification of the war,
but differs from it in the omission of a general command to all her
subjects to commit hostilities on the enemy. By this command (in the
ancient form), the subjects were in general ordered, not only to break
off all intercourse with the enemy, but also to _attack_ him. Custom
interpreted this general order. It authorized, and even obliged every
subject, of whatever rank, to secure the person and things belonging
to the enemy when they fell into his hands; but it did not invite the
subjects to undertake any offensive expedition without a commission or
particular order. The present manifesto simply proclaims that the
Queen of England has taken up arms against Russia, that is, has
declared "a state of war." The omission of an injunction to break off
intercourse, and to exercise hostility, does not relieve the subject
from his duty in that respect; for war may commence without any
manifesto, and any official recognition of the "state of war" casts
upon the subject his full duties under that condition of things. The
ancient form has been judiciously allowed to drop, leading, as it
might have done, to misconception on the part of her majesty's lieges.

The second manifesto has reference to regulations with respect to
neutral commerce, and speaks for itself.

The third is as