cs, that inference gathers precision. Systems of
philosophy and forms of religion find a measure of their influence on
humanity in census-returns. Latin Christianity, in a thousand years,
could not double the population of Europe; it did not add perceptibly
to the term of individual life. But, as Dr. Jarvis, in his report to
the Massachusetts Board of Health, has stated, at the epoch of the
Reformation "the average longevity in Geneva was 21.21 years, between
1814 and 1833 it was 40.68; as large a number of persons now live to
seventy years as lived to forty, three hundred years ago. In 1693 the
British Government borrowed money by selling annuities on lives from
infancy upward, on the basis of the average longevity. The contract
was profitable. Ninety-seven years later another tontine, or scale
of annuities, on the basis of the same expectation of life as in the
previous century, was issued. These latter annuitants, however, lived so
much longer than their predecessors, that it proved to be a very costly
loan for the government. It was found that, while ten thousand of each
sex in the first tontine died under the age of twenty-eight, only five
thousand seven hundred and seventy-two males and six thousand four
hundred and sixteen females in the second tontine died at the same age,
one hundred years later."

We have been comparing the spiritual with the practical, the imaginary
with the real. The maxims that have been followed in the earlier and the
later period produced their inevitable result. In the former that maxim
was, "Ignorance is the mother of Devotion in the latter, Knowledge is
Power."

CHAPTER XII.

THE IMPENDING CRISIS. INDICATIONS OF THE APPROACH OF A
RELIGIOUS CRISIS.--THE PREDOMINATING CHRISTIAN CHURCH, THE
ROMAN, PERCEIVES THIS, AND MAKES PREPARATION FOR IT.--PIUS
IX CONVOKES AN OECUMENICAL COUNCIL--RELATIONS OF THE
DIFFERENT EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS TO THE PAPACY.--RELATIONS OF
THE CHURCH TO SCIENCE, AS INDICATED BY THE ENCYCLICAL LETTER
AND THE SYLLABUS.

Acts of the Vatican Council in relation to the infallibility
of the pope, and to Science.--Abstract of decisions arrived
at.

Controversy between the Prussian Government and the papacy.--
It is a contest between the State and the Church for
supremacy--Effect of dual government in Europe--Declaration
by the Vatican Council of its position as to Science--The
dogmatic cons