11,864 2,739 9,125
or 52.8 or 130
per cent. per cent.

This increase in the number of female tobacco workers, denotes the
sharpening competitive struggle, that has developed during the last ten
years in the German tobacco as well as many other industries, and which
compels the ever intenser engagement of the cheaper labor of woman.

And, as in the rest of Germany, so likewise in Baden the industrial
development in general shows a larger increase of female than of male
workers. Within a year, it recorded the following changes:--

Year. Males. Females.
1892 79,218 35,598
1893 84,470 38,557
------ ------
Increase 5,252 2,959
or 6.6 or 8.3
per cent. per cent.

Of the working-women over 16 years of age, 28.27 were married. In the
large ammunition factory at Spandau, there were, in 1893, 3,000 women
out of a total of 3,700 employes.

As in England, in Germany also, female labor is paid worse than male.
According to the report of the Leipsic Chamber of Commerce for the year
1888, the weekly wage for equal hours were:--

Males. Females.
Industries. Marks. Marks.
Lace manufacture 20 --35 7 --15
Cloth glove manufacture 12 --30 6 --25
Linen and jute weaving 12 --27 5 --10
Wool-carding 15 --27 7.20--10.20
Sugar refinery 10.50--31 7.50--10
Leather and leather goods 12 --28 7 --18
Chemicals 8.50--25 7.50--10
Rubber fabrics 9 --28 6 --17
One factory of paper
lanterns 16 --22 7.50--10

In an investigation of the wages earned by the factory hands of Mannheim
in 1893, Dr. Woerishoffer divided the weekly earnings into three
classes: one, the lowest, in which the wages reached 15 marks; one from
15 to 24; and the last and highest in which wages exceeded 24 marks.
According to this subdivision, wages in Mannheim presented the following
picture:--

Low. Medium. High.
Both sexes 29.8 per cent. 49.8 per cent. 20.4 per cent.
Males 20.9 per cent. 56.2 per cent. 22.9 per cent.
Females 99.2 per cent. 0.7 per cent. 0.1 per cent.