r outsiders, brotherhood within,
warlikeness without--all grow together, common products of the
same situation. These relations and sentiments constitute a
social philosophy. It is sanctified by connection with
religion. Men of an others-group are outsiders with whose
ancestors the ancestors of the we-group waged war. The ghosts
of the latter will see with pleasure their descendants keep up
the fight, and will help them. Virtue consists in killing,
plundering, and enslaving outsiders.[280]

The isolation, territorial and cultural, under which alone it is
possible to maintain an organization which corresponds to Sumner's
description, has disappeared within comparatively recent times from all
the more inhabitable portions of the earth. In place of it there has
come, and with increasing rapidity is coming, into existence a society
which includes within its limits the total population of the earth and
is so intimately bound together that the speculation of a grain merchant
in Chicago may increase the price of bread in Bombay, while the act of
an assassin in a provincial town in the Balkans has been sufficient to
plunge the world into a war which changed the political map of three
continents and cost the lives, in Europe alone, of 8,500,000 combatants.

The first effect of modern conditions of life has been to increase and
vastly complicate the economic interdependence of strange and distant
peoples, i.e., to destroy distances and make the world, as far as
national relations are concerned, small and tight.

The second effect has been to break down family, local, and national
ties, and emancipate the individual man.

When the family ceases, as it does in the city, to be an
economic unit, when parents and children have vocations that
not only intercept the traditional relations of family life,
but make them well nigh impossible, the family ceases to
function as an organ of social control. When the different
nationalities, with their different national cultures, have so
far interpenetrated one another that each has permanent
colonies within the territorial limits of the other, it is
inevitable that the old solidarities, the common loyalties and
the common hatreds that formerly bound men together in
primitive kinship and local groups should be undermined.

A survey of the world today shows that vast changes are everywhere in
prog