ed by a second wall, flanked by six
towers on the river face (_see_ Pl. IX, X and XI), and by three
semicircular bastions on the north face. A Ditch or "Moat," now dry,
encircles the whole, crossed at the south-western angle by a stone
bridge, leading to the "Byward Tower" from the "Middle Tower," a gateway
which had formerly an outwork, called the "Lion Tower."

The Tower was occupied as a palace by all our Kings and Queens down to
Charles II. It was the custom for each monarch to lodge in the Tower
before his coronation, and to ride in procession to Westminster through
the city. The Palace buildings stood eastward of the "Bloody Tower."

The security of the walls made it convenient as a State prison, the
first known prisoner being Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, who had been
active under William Rufus in pushing on the buildings. From that time
the Tower was seldom without some captive, English or foreign, of rank
and importance.

In the Tudor period the "Green" within the Tower was used on very rare
occasions for executions.[1] Condemned prisoners were usually beheaded
on

[Footnote 1: See page 32.]

_Tower Hill_.

Emerging from the Mark Lane railway station, the visitor obtains an
excellent view of the great fortress. Within the railed space of Trinity
Square, the first permanent scaffold on Tower Hill was set up in the
reign of Edward III, but the first execution recorded here was that of
Sir Simon Burley in 1388. Here also were beheaded, among others, Dudley,
the minister of Henry VII (1510), his son the Duke of Northumberland
(1553), his grandson, Lord Guildford Dudley (1554), Cromwell, Earl of
Essex (1540), More and Fisher (1535), Surrey (1547), and his son,
Norfolk (1572), Strafford (1641), and Archbishop Laud (1645), and the
Scotch lords in 1716, 1746, and 1747, the last being Simon, Lord Lovat.

The Tower moat is immediately before us. It is drained and used as a
parade ground. Beyond it, as we approach the entrance, we have a good
view of the fortifications. On the extreme left are the Brass Mount and
North Bastions. In the middle is Legge's Mount. To the right is the
entrance gateway. The highest building behind is the White Tower, easily
distinguished by its four turrets. In front of it are the Devereux,
Beauchamp, and Bell Towers, the residences of the Lieutenant of the
Tower and of the Yeoman Gaoler being in the gabled and red tiled houses
between the last two. From one of these windows Lady Jan