was taken as to equality of representation in the Senate and
resulted in a tie vote. It was then decided to appoint a committee of
eleven, one from each State, to consider the question, and this
committee reported three days later, on July 5, in favour of
proportionate representation in the House and equal representation in
the Senate. This suggestion, which finally saved the situation, was due
to that wise old utilitarian philosopher, Franklin. Again, a vehement
and passionate debate followed. Vague references were made to the sword
as the only method of solving the difference.

On July 9 the committee again reported, maintaining the principle of
their recommendation, while modifying its details, and the debate then
turned upon the question to what extent the negro slaves should count in
estimating population for the purposes of proportionate representation
in the lower House. Various suggestions were made to base representation
upon wealth or taxation and not upon population. For several days the
debate lasted during very heated weather, but on the night of July 12
the temperature dropped and with it the emotional temperature of the
delegates.

Some days previous, namely, June 28, when the debates were becoming so
bitter that it seemed unlikely that the convention could continue,
Doctor Franklin, erroneously supposed by many to be an atheist, made
the following solemn and beautiful appeal to their better natures. He
said:

"The small progress we have made after four or five weeks' close
attendance and continual reasonings with each other--our different
sentiments on almost every question, several of the last producing
as many noes as ayes, is, methinks, a melancholy proof of the
imperfection of the human understanding. We indeed seem to feel our
own want of political wisdom, since we have been running about in
search of it. We have gone back to ancient history for models of
government, and examined the different forms of those Republics
which, having been formed with the seeds of their own dissolution,
now no longer exist. And we have viewed modern States all around
Europe, but find none of their constitutions suitable to our
circumstances.

"In this situation of this Assembly, groping as it were in the dark
to find political truth, and scarce able to distinguish it when
presented to us, how has it happened, sir, that we have not hitherto
once thoug