Aden are high risk for piracy; numerous vessels, including
commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and
hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crew, passengers, and
cargo are held for ransom

Military
Yemen

Military branches:

Army (includes Republican Guard), Navy (includes Marines), Yemen Air
Force (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Jamahiriya al Yemeniya; includes Air
Defense Force) (2008)

Military service age and obligation:

voluntary military service program authorized in 2001; 2-year
service obligation (2006)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 5,080,038
females age 16-49: 4,852,555 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 3,585,947
females age 16-49: 3,619,195 (2008 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 268,468
female: 258,196 (2008 est.)

Military expenditures:

6.6% of GDP (2006)

Military - note:

a Coast Guard was established in 2002

Transnational Issues
Yemen

Disputes - international:

Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier
along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem
illegal cross-border activities

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

refugees (country of origin): 91,587 (Somalia) (2007)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008

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@Zambia

Introduction
Zambia

Background:

The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the [British]
South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in
1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred
development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon
independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper
prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991
brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996
saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001
was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a
legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate
Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched an anticorruption
investigation in 2002 to probe high-level corruption during the
previous administration. In 2006-07, this task force successfully
prosecuted four cases, including a landmark civil case in the UK in
which former Presid