s the highest animal, the most richly specialised organism--the
last of a long series in the development of life, the outstanding feature
of which is the acquired power of complete adjustment to the world, of
which it is a part. Strictly speaking, there is no room for a personal
God in this mechanical theory of the universe. The world becomes
inevitably 'the Be all and the End all.' Hence, as might be expected,
while evolutionary Ethics claims to cover the whole range of this present
life, it does not pretend to extend into the regions of the hereafter.
It is concerned only with what it conceives to be the highest earthly
good--the material and social well-being of mankind. But no theory of
life can be pronounced satisfactory which explains man in terms of this
earth alone. The 'Great Unknown' which Mr. Spencer posits[9] as the
ultimate source of all power, is a force to be reckoned with; and, known
or unknown, is the mightiest factor in all life's experiences. Man's
spiritual nature in its whole range cannot be treated as of no account.
'The powers of the world to come' have an essential bearing upon human
{105} conduct in this world. They shape our thoughts and determine our
ideals. Hence any view of life which excludes from consideration the
spiritual side of man, and limits his horizon by the things of this earth
must of necessity be inadequate and unsatisfactory.

4. Closely connected with, and, indeed, arising out of, the evolutionary
theory, another type of thought, prevalent to-day, falls to be
noted--_the socialistic tendency_. It is now universally recognised that
the individual cannot be treated as an isolated being, but only in
relation to society of which he is a part. The emphasis is laid upon the
solidarity of mankind, and man is explained by such social facts as
heredity and environment. Marx and Engels, the pioneers of the
socialistic movement, accepted in the fullest sense the scientific
doctrine of evolution. So far from being a mere Utopian dream, Marx
contends that Socialism is the inevitable outcome of the movement of
modern society. The aim of the agitation is to bring men to a clear
consciousness of a process which is going forward in all countries where
the modern industrial methods prevail. Democracy must come to itself and
assume its rights. The keynote of the past has been the exploitation of
man by man in the three forms of slavery, serfdom, and wage-labour. The
keynote of th