t of Bhrigu or Angirasa, contains a large number of
exogamous sections usually named after other more recent saints, and
intermarriage is sometimes prohibited among the different sections,
which are descended from the same son of Brahma or star of the
Great Bear. The arrangement thus bears a certain resemblance to the
classification system of exogamy found among primitive races, only
that the number of groups is now fairly large; but it is said that
originally there were only four, from the four sons of Brahma who
gave birth to Brahmans. The names of other important saints, after
whom exogamous sections are most commonly called, are Garg, Sandilya,
Kaushik, Vatsya and Bhargava. These five appear sometimes to be held
as original ancestors in addition to the eleven already mentioned. It
may be noted that some of the above names of saints have a totemistic
character; for instance, Bharadwaj means a lark; Kashyap resembles
Kachhap, the name for a tortoise; Kaushik may come from the _kusha_
grass; Agastya from the _agasti_ flower, and so on. Within the main
group exogamy sometimes also goes by titles or family names. Thus
the principal titles of the Kanaujias are: Pande, a wise man; Dube,
learned in two Vedas; Tiwari, learned in three Vedas; Chaube, learned
in four Vedas; Sukul, white or pure; Upadhya, a teacher; Agnihotri,
the priest who performs the fire-sacrifice; Dikshit, the initiator,
and so on. Marriage between persons bearing the same family name
tends to be prohibited, as they are considered to be relations.

9. Restrictions on marriage.

The prohibition of marriage within the _gotra_ or exogamous section
bars the union of persons related solely through males. In addition
to this, according to Hindu law a Brahman must not marry a girl of his
mother's or maternal grandfather's _gotra_, or one who is a _sapinda_
of his father or maternal grandfather. Mr. Joshi states that _sapindas_
are persons related through being particles of the same body. It is
also understood that two persons are said to be _sapindas_ when they
can offer _pindas_ or funeral cakes to the same ancestor. The rule
barring the marriage of _sapindas_ is that two persons cannot marry
if they are both as near as fourth in descent from a common ancestor,
and the relationship is derived through the father of either party. If
either is more remote than fourth in descent they apparently could
marry. If the relationship of the couple is through their