ee. Many of my enterprises are still unfinished, and they must be so
occupied as to leave me unfettered."

While Europe was engaged in the hopeless task of establishing and
maintaining the divine rights of kings, Catherine began a war with
Persia. One of her "unfinished enterprises" was interrupted by her
death in November, 1796, at the age of sixty-seven. She left the
throne to her son Paul.

XXII--RUSSIA DURING THE WARS OF NAPOLEON. (p. 194)

Paul was forty-two years old when he succeeded to the throne. His
youth and early manhood had been far from pleasant. His mother had
never shown any love for him, and Paul had not forgotten his father's
sudden death. He was held in absolute submission, and was not
permitted to share in the government; he had not even a voice in the
education of his children. The courtiers, in order to please his
mother, showed him scant courtesy; this is probably the reason of his
sensitiveness after he came to the throne. He ordered men and women to
kneel down in the street when he was passing, and those who drove in
carriages had to halt. It is also shown in this remark, "Know that the
only person of consideration in Russia is the person whom I address,
at the moment that I am addressing him." It was justice, but it
reflected upon his mother's memory when, immediately after her death,
Paul ordered his father's remains to be exhumed, to be buried at the
same time and with the same pomp as those of Catherine.

Such a man could have no sympathy with the French revolution which was
shaking the foundations of Old Europe. He forbade the use of any word
that might be construed to refer to it. He ordered the army to (p. 195)
adopt the Russian uniform, including the powdered pigtails of that
time. Souvorof fell in disgrace because he was reported to have said:
"There is powder and powder. Shoe buckles are not gun carriages, nor
pigtails bayonets; we are not Prussians but Russians."

Paul pardoned a number of exiled Poles, and brought the last king,
Stanislas Poniatowski, to St. Petersburg. He discontinued the war with
Persia, and instructed his ambassadors to announce that since Russia,
and Russia alone, had been at war since 1756, "the humanity of the
Emperor did not allow him to refuse his beloved subjects the peace for
which they sighed."

Nevertheless, Russia was drawn into Napoleon's gigantic wars. Uneasy
at the plans of the French Republic, Paul entered i