of the information already sketched of the country
penetrated by the Nigudarian bands whose escapade is related in chapter
xviii., information which was probably derived from a Mongol source. And
these countries are in my belief _both_ regions famous in the legends of
the Northern Buddhists, viz. UDYANA and KASHMIR.

Udyana lay to the north of Peshawar on the Swat River, but from the extent
assigned to it by Hiuen Tsang, the name probably covered a large part of
the whole hill-region south of the Hindu-Kush from Chitral to the Indus,
as indeed it is represented in the Map of Vivien de St. Martin (_Pelerins
Bouddhistes_, II.). It is regarded by Fahian as the most northerly
Province of India, and in his time the food and clothing of the people
were similar to those of Gangetic India. It was the native country of
Padma Sambhava, one of the chief apostles of Lamaism, i.e. of Tibetan
Buddhism, and a great master of enchantments. The doctrines of Sakya, as
they prevailed in Udyana in old times, were probably strongly tinged with
Sivaitic magic, and the Tibetans still regard that locality as the classic
ground of sorcery and witchcraft.

Hiuen Tsang says of the inhabitants: "The men are of a soft and
pusillanimous character, _naturally inclined to craft and trickery_. They
are fond of study, but pursue it with no ardour. _The science of magical
formulae is become a regular professional business with them_. They
generally wear clothes of white cotton, and rarely use any other stuff.
Their spoken language, in spite of some differences, has a strong
resemblance to that of India."

These particulars suit well with the slight description in our text, and
the Indian atmosphere that it suggests; and the direction and distance
ascribed to Pashai suit well with Chitral, which may be taken as
representing Udyana when approached from Badakhshan. For it would be quite
practicable for a party to reach the town of Chitral in ten days from the
position assigned to the old capital of Badakhshan. And from Chitral the
road towards Kashmir would lie over the high Lahori pass to DIR, which
from its mention in chapter xviii. we must consider an obligatory point.
(_Fah-hian_, p. 26; _Koeppen_, I. 70; _Pelerins Boud._ II. 131-132.)

["Tao-lin (a Buddhist monk like Hiuen Tsang) afterwards left the western
regions and changed his road to go to Northern India; he made a pilgrimage
to _Kia-che-mi-louo_ (Kashmir), and then entered the country of
_U-c