latter.

I found the workmen in Vienna industrious and submissive; gay,
thoughtless, and kind-hearted. In some trades it was still the practice
for the workmen, if not numerous, to sleep in the workshop. I knew a
cabinet-maker who did so, and he was very cleanly and well lodged. I
knew one or two married journeymen, and there were no doubt very many in
so large a capital as Vienna, but marriage among artisans was generally
condemned. The wages were on the average much less than I have stated; I
knew silversmiths who were earning only three and four florins a
week--six shillings and eight shillings; and I have no doubt that
tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, and others, were paid even less. I
visited one family circle in the Leopoldstadt which consisted of the man,
his wife and child, and three single men lodgers, who all lived and slept
in one room. I found the lodgers airing themselves in the court-yard,
while the beds were made and the room set in order. But I saw very
little of squalor or filth even in the poorest quarters. As a check upon
the assumed thoughtlessness of the Viennese artisans, the pawnbrokers are
by civil ordinance closed a week before and after every great holiday,
such as Easter, Whitsuntide, etc.

There were very many small masters, known in England as master-men, who
worked at home, and by their skill and quickness earned superior wages.
My own landlord was one of them, and called himself a "Gallanterie
Tischler." He was chiefly employed in ornamental woodwork for the
silversmiths, and, being tasty and expert, earned a very respectable
living. He used to buy English knives for certain parts of his work, on
account of the superiority of the steel, but he complained bitterly of
their clumsy and awkward fashion. He was extremely industrious during
the week, and many a pleasant Sunday visit have we paid to Weinhaus and
other suburban villages, when the "heueriger"--the young, half-made
wine--was to be tasted. Heueriger was sold at a few pence a quart, and
is a whitish liquid of an acid but not unpleasant flavour. It is a
treacherous drink, like most white wines, and from its apparently
innocent character tempts many into unexpected inebriation. The Viennese
delight in an Italian sausage called "Salami," said to be made of asses'
flesh, and a pale, but highly scented cheese, as the proper
accompaniments to the heueriger.

Domestic servants in Vienna have one very laborious duty to perform