ents, duplication of parts, or the two processes in
combination. The first of these is not always feasible. In the
preceding sections of the book I have tried to explain the
characteristics of each instrument and the part which each group of
instruments plays in the orchestra. Moreover many methods of doubling
are to be avoided; these I have mentioned, while there are also some
instruments which cannot be combined owing to the great difference in
their peculiarities. Therefore, as regards the general composition of
the orchestra, the student should be guided by the general principles
laid down in the earlier stages of the present work.

The best means of orchestrating the same musical idea in various ways
is by the adaptation of the musical matter. This can be done by the
following operations: a) complete or partial transference into other
octaves; b) repetition in a different key; c) extension of the whole
range by the addition of octaves to the upper and lower parts; d)
alteration of details (the most frequent method); e) variation of the
general dynamic scheme, e.g. repeating a phrase _piano_, which has
already been played _forte_.

These operations are always successful in producing variety of
orchestral colour.

_Examples:_

No. 176, 177. _Russian Easter Fete_ [[A]] and [[C]].

_The Christmas Night_ [[158]] and [[179]].

No. 178-181. _The Tsar's Bride_, Overture: beginning, [[1]], [[2]],
[[7]].

_Sadko_ [[99-101]] and [[305-307]] (cf. Ex. 289, 290, and 75).

No. 182-186. _Tsar Saltan_ [[14]], [[17]], [[26]], [[28]], [[34]].

No. 187-189. " " [[181]], [[246]], [[220]].

* No. 190-191. _Ivan the Terrible_, Overture [[5]] and [[12]].

_Spanish Capriccio_--compare 1st and 3rd movement.

* No. 192-195. _Sheherazade_, 1st movement--beginning of the
_allegro_ [[A]], [[E]], [[M]].

" 3rd movement--beginning [[A]], [[I]].

" 3rd " [[E]], [[G]], [[O]].

* No. 196-198. _Legend of Kitesh_ [[55]], [[56]], [[62]].

* No. 199-201. " " " [[68]], [[70]], [[84]].

(Cf. also Ex. 213, 214. _Legend of Kitesh_ [[294]] and [[312]].)

* No. 202-203. _The Golden Cockerel_ [[229]], [[233]].

The process of scoring the same or similar ideas in different ways is
the source of numerous musical operations, _crescendo_, _diminuendo_,
interchange of tone qualities, variation of tone colour etc., and
inciden