g of the interest of the conquerors and the conquered
such as took place in England after the Conquest. The Muhammadans sat
as despotic rulers of an alien people, who obeyed him because they
could not resist. There was no thought of attaching those people to
the ruling dynasty either by sympathy or by closer union. The
conquerors had come as aliens, and as aliens they remained. Their
hold on the country was thus superficial: it had {31} no root in the
affections of the people, and it could be maintained only by the
sword. It was in this respect that it differed so widely from the
Mughal dynasty, as represented by Akbar, that was to succeed it.

The first invasion of India by Babar, not reckoning the hasty visit
spoken of in Chapter III, occurred in 1519. Some historians assert
that there was a second invasion the same year. But Ferishta is
probably correct when he says that this so-called invasion amounted
simply to an expedition against the Yusufzais, in the course of which
Babar advanced as far as Peshawar, but did not cross the Indus. There
is no doubt, however, that he made an expedition, called the third,
in 1520. On this occasion he crossed the Indus, marched into the part
known now as the Rawal Pindi division, crossed the Jehlam, reached
Sialkot, which he spared, and then marched on Saiyidpur, which he
plundered. He was called from this place to Kabul to meet a
threatened attack upon that capital.

The abortive result of this third expedition more than ever convinced
Babar that no invasion of Hindustan could with certainty succeed
unless he could secure his base at Kandahar. He spent, therefore, the
next two or three years in securing that stronghold and the territory
between Ghazni and Khorasan. He had just succeeded in settling these
districts on an efficient basis when he received the messages from
Allah-u-din Lodi and Daolat Khan of Lahore, the latter of which
decided him to undertake his fourth expedition to India. Once more
did he cross the Indus, the {32} Jehlam, and the Chenab, and advanced
within ten miles of Lahore. There he was met by, and there he
defeated, the army of the adherents of the House of Lodi. Lahore fell
a prize to his troops. But he halted there but four days; then
pushing on, reached and stormed Dipalpur.[1] Here he was joined by
Daolat Khan and his sons. These, however, dissatisfied with the
rewards meted out to them, began to intrigue against their new
master. Babar was approaching S