experiences. What is renewed when a
learned act is performed is not the history of the act, but the act
itself. In a new situation, the act is part of a new performance, and
its motivation is to some degree new.

Though his theories are open to criticism, Freud has made important
contributions to the study of personality. The same can be said of
other schools of psycho-pathology. Jung and Adler deserve mention as
representing varieties of psychoanalysis that differ more or less
radically from that of Freud. Outside of the psychoanalytic school
altogether, Janet and Morton Prince have added much to psychological
knowledge from their studies of dissociated and maladjusted
personalities. In endeavoring to assist the maladjusted individual,
all these schools have much in common, since they all seek to bring to
his attention elements in his personality {570} of which he is not
clearly aware. Clear consciousness of implicit or dissociated elements
in one's personality often proves to be a step towards a firmer
organization of the personality and towards a better adjustment to the
conditions of life.

{571}

EXERCISES

1. Outline the chapter.

2. Mention some personal traits that appear when the individual
is dealing with inanimate things, and some that only appear in
dealing with other persons.

3. Construct a "rating scale" for the trait of independence, as
follows. Think of some one who is extremely independent, and call
him A; of some one who is at the opposite extreme and call him E;
of some one standing halfway, and call him C; and fill in the
positions B and D with other persons standing between A and C and
between C and E, in this matter of independence. You now have a
sort of measuring rod, with the five persons A, B, C, D and E
marking degrees of the trait. To rate any other individual,
consider where he belongs on this scale--whether even with A, with
B, etc.

4. How does the embarrassing "self-consciousness" of one who is
speaking in public differ from simple consciousness of self?

5. Consider what was conscious and what unconscious in the following
case of "shell shock": A sharpshooter had a certain peekhole in the
front of the trench through which he was accustomed to take aim at
the enemy. The enemy evidently spotted him, for bullets began to
strike close by as soon as ever he got up to shoot. He stood this
for a time, and then suddenly lost the s