in its general 'atmosphere.'" (Misc. 16
[1916].)]

[Footnote 9: Dr. Ella Scarlett-Synge (M.D., D.P.H.) visited this
camp on December 17, 1915. She reports: "The prisoners of war
are housed in well-built, well-drained barracks having excellent
ventilation. Each man has an iron bedstead with two blankets (or
a thick quilt), a straw mattress, good pillow and sheet...."]

[Footnote 10: These indulgences can also be paralleled on this
side. A writer from a British internment camp says, during "a
great sports week": "There are already a lot in hospital with
broken legs and arms."]

[Footnote 11: It is astounding how extremely rare are
responsible accounts of the worser ill-deeds by those who have
actually suffered them. These stories have almost always been
heard from someone else. (Cf. pp. 156, 157.)]

[Footnote 12: "The Common Cause." October 16, 1914.]

II.

CIVILIAN PRISONERS.

RESIDENT ENEMY NATIONALS.

A few extracts from Dr. J. M. Spaight's important work, "War Rights on
Land," will be useful as an introduction to this section. "Resident
enemy nationals," runs Dr. Spaight's marginal summary, "are not
interfered with" (l.c., p. 28). The text proceeds: "The treatment of
resident enemy nationals has undergone a great change for the better in
modern times. Ancient theory and practice regarded them as enemies,
individually, and admitted the right to arrest and imprison them. The
last instance of this rigorous rule being put in force is Napoleon's
detention of British subjects who happened to be in France when war
broke out in 1803. Present usage allows enemy nationals to depart
freely, even when they belong to the armed forces of the other
belligerent." The State has the right to detain such subjects, but usage
is against it. Again, "'Present usage,' says Professor LeFur, 'does not
admit of the expulsion _en masse_ of enemy subjects resident in a
belligerent's territory, save when the needs of defence demand such
expulsion....' The bad precedent set by the Confederate Government in
1861, when it ordered the banishment of all alien enemies, has not been
followed in subsequent wars. France and Germany allowed enemy subjects
to continue to reside in their respective territories during the war of
1870-1, but the former country was led by military exigencies to rescind
the general privilege so far as Paris and the Department of the Seine
were concerne