o consider them. The use of mathematical
and geometrical symbols proceeds from the use of the simplest forms,
points and lines, but in all cases where the object is not a
representation in the flat but in space, both the points and lines are
replaced by plastic forms, i.e., forms of cylinders, spheres, bars, rings,
cubes, etc. From this point it was but a short step to the use of trees,
leaves, flowers, implements, and other things that showed similarities in
form. Pillars are specially noticeable for the symbolism of the ceremonial
chamber. In all cases where points and lines occur in images and drawings,
pillars are found in the plastic representation of thoughts and symbols.
They form the chief element of the organization of cults in academies and
museums, and justify the names of colonnade, stoa, portico, and loggia,
which occur everywhere; besides the special designation like {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, etc.

For symbolism, too, which served as the characterization of the forms of
organization and the building up of the fraternity into degrees, lines
were useless, but in place of lines and points are found plastic forms
which were at their disposal in carpenters' squares, crossed bars, etc.
(Keller, l. c., p. 10.)

As the circle symbolized the all and the eternal or the celestial unity of
the all, and the divinity, so the number one, the single line, the staff
or the scepter, represented the terrestrial copy of the power, the ruling,
guiding, sustaining and protecting force of the personality that had
attained freedom on earth.

The sun or gold symbol [Symbol: Sun] corresponds in alchemy to the divine
circle and the same circle occurs in other symbols of the art, as in
[Symbol: Copper] [Symbol: Mercury], etc.

Duality, the Dyas, represents in contrast to the celestial being the
divided terrestrial being that is dominated by the antagonism of things
and is only a transitory, imperfect existence; the opposites, fluid and
solid, sulphur and mercury, dry and wet, etc.

In the symbol of the trinity, which frequently occurs in the form of a
triangle (three points unit