finite period in
the future a purely military power shall have exclusive control and
jurisdiction there. That is, therefore, to me, another and a very
serious objection to this bill."

"There is a necessity," said Mr. Raymond, "for some measure of
protection to the people of the Southern States. I think it is clear
that life, liberty, and property are not properly guarded by law, are
not safe throughout those Southern States. They are not properly
protected by the courts and judicial tribunals of those States; they
are not properly protected by the civil authorities that are in
possession of political power in those States."

Of the pending bill, he said: "It is a simple abnegation of all
attempts for the time to protect the people in the Southern States by
the ordinary exercise of civil authority. It hands over all authority
in those States to officers of the army of the United States, and
clothes them as officers of the army with complete, absolute,
unrestricted power to administer the affairs of those States according
to their sovereign will and pleasure. In my opinion there has not
occurred an emergency which justifies a resort to this extreme remedy.
The military force ought to follow the civil authority, and not lead
it, not take its place, not supersede it."

"We must compel obedience to the Union," said Mr. Garfield, "and
demand protection for its humblest citizen wherever the flag floats.
We must so exert the power of the nation that it shall be deemed both
safe and honorable to have been loyal in the midst of treason. We must
see to it that the frightful carnival of blood now raging in the
South, shall continue no longer. The time has come when we must lay
the heavy hand of military authority upon these rebel communities and
hold them in its grasp till their madness is past."

Mr. Stevens having expressed a wish to have an immediate vote, Mr.
Banks remarked: "I believe that a day or two devoted to a discussion
of this subject of the reconstruction of the Government will bring us
to a solution in which the two houses of Congress will agree, in which
the people of this country will sustain us, and in which the President
of the United States will give us his support."

"I have not the advantage," replied Mr. Stevens, "of the secret
negotiations which the distinguished gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr.
Banks] has, and from which he seems to expect such perfect harmony
between the President and the Congress o