8), Underwood bill (588).
4. Foreign and domestic commerce and transportation
(_see_ Tariff, Immigration, and Foreign Relations).
_a._ British imperial regulations (69-72).
_b._ Confusion under Articles of Confederation (140).
_c._ Provisions of federal Constitution (150).
_d._ Internal improvements--aid to roads, canals, etc.
(230-236).
_e._ Aid to railways (403).
_f._ Service of railways (402).
_g._ Regulation of railways (460-461, 547-548).
_h._ Control of trusts and corporations (461-462, 589-590).
5. Land and natural resources.
_a._ British control over lands (80).
_b._ Early federal land measures (219-221).
_c._ The Homestead act (368, 432-445).
_d._ Irrigation and reclamation (434-436, 523-525).
_e._ Conservation of natural resources (523-526).
6. Legislation advancing human rights and general welfare
(_see_ Suffrage).
_a._ Abolition of slavery: civil and political rights of
negroes (357-358, 373-375).
_b._ Extension of civil and political rights to women
(554-568).
_c._ Legislation relative to labor conditions (549-551,
579-581, 590-591).
_d._ Control of public utilities (547-549).
_e._ Social reform and the war on poverty (549-551).
_f._ Taxation and equality of opportunity (551-552).

=Political Parties and Political Issues=

I. The Federalists _versus_ the Anti-Federalists [Jeffersonian
Republicans] from about 1790 to about 1816 (168-208, 201-203).
1. Federalist leaders: Hamilton, John Adams, John Marshall,
Robert Morris.
2. Anti-Federalist leaders: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe.
3. Issues: funding the debt, assumption of state debts, first
United States bank, taxation, tariff, strong central
government _versus_ states' rights, and the Alien and
Sedition acts.
II. Era of "Good Feeling" from about 1816 to about 1824, a period
of no organized party opposition (248).
III. The Democrats [former Jeffersonian Republicans] _versus_ the
Whigs [or National Republicans] from about 1832 to 1856
(238-265, 276-290, 324-334).
1. Democratic leaders: Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Benton.
2. Whig leaders: Webster and Clay.
3.