the swan or crane. They call the
first the _bubbling chotanka_ from the tremulous note it gives when
blown with all the holes stopped. Riggs' _Tahkoo Wahkan_, p. 476, et
seq.

_E-ne-pee_--vapor-bath, is used as a purification preparatory to the
sacred feasts. The vapor-bath is taken in this way: "A number of poles,
the size of hoop-poles or less, are taken, and their larger ends being
set in the ground in a circle, the flexible tops are bent over and tied
in the center. This frame-work is then covered with robes and blankets,
a small hole being left on one side for an entrance. Before the door a
fire is built, and round stones about the size of a man's head, are
heated in it. When hot they are rolled within, and the door being closed
steam is made by pouring water on them. The devotee, stripped to the
skin, sits within this steam-tight dome, sweating profusely at every
pore, until he is nearly suffocated. Sometimes a number engage in it
together and unite their prayers and songs." _Tahkoo Wakan_, p. 83.
Father Hennepin was subjected to the vapor-bath at Mille Lacs by Chief
_Aqui-pa-que-tin_, two hundred years ago. After describing the method,
Hennepin says: "When he had made me sweat thus three times in a week, I
felt as strong as ever." Shea's Hennepin, p. 228. For a very full and
accurate account of the Medicine-men of the Dakotas, and their rites,
etc., see Chap. II, Neill's Hist. Minnesota.

[82] The sacred _O-zu-ha_--or Medicine sack must be made of the skin of
the otter, the coon, the weasel, the squirrel, the loon, a certain kind
of fish or the skins of serpents. It must contain four kinds of medicine
(or magic) representing birds, beasts, herbs and trees, viz.: The down
of the female swan colored red, the roots of certain grasses, bark from
the roots of cedar trees, and hair of the buffalo. "From this
combination proceeds a Wakan influence so powerful that no human being,
unassisted, can resist it." Wonderful indeed must be the magic power of
these Dakota Druids to lead such a man as the Rev. S.R. Riggs to say of
them: "By great shrewdness, untiring industry, and more or less of
_actual demoniacal possession_, they convince great numbers of their
fellows, and in the process are convinced themselves of their sacred
character and office." _Tahkoo Wakan_, pp. 88-9.

[83] _Gah-ma-na-tek-wahk--the river of many falls_--is the Ojibway name of
the river commonly called Kaministiguia, near the mouth of which is
situa