rsity a fund to endow a professorship of the application of
science to the art of living: he instituted a prize to be awarded
by the American Academy of Sciences for the most important
discoveries and improvements relating to heat and light. In 1804 he
married the widow of the illustrious chemist Lavoisier: he died in
1814. Count Rumford on January 25, 1798, read a paper before the
Royal Society entitled "An Enquiry Concerning the Source of Heat
Which Is Excited by Friction." The experiments therein detailed
proved that heat is identical with motion, as against the notion
that heat is matter. He thus laid the corner-stone of the modern
theory that heat light, electricity, magnetism, chemical action,
and all other forms of energy are in essence motion, are
convertible into one another, and as motion are indestructible. The
following abstract of Count Rumford's paper is taken from "Heat as
a Mode of Motion," by Professor John Tyndall, published by D.
Appleton & Co., New York. This work and "The Correlation and
Conservation of Forces," edited by Dr. E. L. Youmans, published by
the same house, will serve as a capital introduction to the modern
theory that energy is motion which, however varied in its forms, is
changeless in its quantity.]

Being engaged in superintending the boring of cannon in the workshops of
the military arsenal at Munich, Count Rumford was struck with the very
considerable degree of heat which a brass gun acquires, in a short time,
in being bored, and with the still more intense heat (much greater than
that of boiling water) of the metallic chips separated from it by the
borer, he proposed to himself the following questions:

"Whence comes the heat actually produced in the mechanical operations
above mentioned?

"Is it furnished by the metallic chips which are separated from the
metal?"

If this were the case, then the _capacity for heat_ of the parts of the
metal so reduced to chips ought not only to be changed, but the change
undergone by them should be sufficiently great to account for _all_ the
heat produced. No such change, however, had taken place, for the chips
were found to have the same capacity as slices of the same metal cut by
a fine saw, where heating was avoided. Hence, it is evident, that the
heat produced could not possibly have been furnished at the expense of
the latent heat of the meta