opmast
rigging, etc., are formed.

=Rigging.= Entire equipment of a ship's masts,
spars, etc., with their standing and running
ropes.

=Rudder.= A device for steering vessels. Hinged to
the outside of the hull, usually at the stern.

=Sail.= A device of canvas and rope fastened to
spars and rigging, and extended to catch the wind
and drive the vessel.

=Skiff.= Long, lightly built boat sometimes used
in rowing races.

=Sloop.= Vessel with one mast, having a jib-sail.

=Spar.= Any shaped piece of timber used as a mast,
bowsprit, yard, etc., or intended for such use.

=Stanchion.= A stationary upright support.

=Superstructure.= Any structure above top full
deck.

=Tack.= To change the direction of sailing due to
wind.

=Thwart.= Seats are called thwarts when they
extend from side to side of a boat, athwart when
across.

=Tonnage.= Entire capacity or cubical contents of
a vessel. One ton estimated at 100 cubic English
feet.

=Trawler.= Fishing-vessel with ground-sweeping
net.

=Trim.= Term indicating the state of a ship with
regard to ballast; position of a vessel in the
water with respect to horizontal.

=Turtle-back.= Top of wheel-house, forecastle,
etc., formed like a turtle's back.

=Upper Works.= Same as freeboard when a vessel is
loaded.

=Uptake.= Part connecting smokebox to funnel.
Sometimes includes the smokebox.

=Ventilator.= Usually made of sheet iron in
tubular forms, and arranged to expel foul air and
permit the passage of fresh air to any part of a
ship.

=Vessel.= Craft requiring a licensed master.
(Boats do not).

=Water ballast.= Sea water let into double bottom
or ballast-tank.

=Water-Line.= (Light) Submerging line of vessel
without cargo.

=Water-Line.= (Load) Submerging line of vessel
with full cargo.

=Water-tight Compartment.= Compartment with
water-tight bulkhead at each end.

=Winch.= Machine used for loading or unloading
cargo. Some are hand driven and some electrically
driven.