external: $7.9 billion (1999 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $409.6 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Kazakhstani tenge = 100 tiyn
Exchange rates: tenges per US$1 - 139.02 (January 2000), 119.52
(1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996), 60.95 (1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Kazakhstan:Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: 1.963 million (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 4,600 (1995)
Telephone system: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile
cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: international traffic with other former Soviet
republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay;
with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE)
fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)
Radios: 6.47 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)
Televisions: 3.88 million (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 83 (Kazakhstan and Russia) (1999)
@Kazakhstan:Transportation
Railways:
total: 14,400 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines
broad gauge: 14,400 km 1.520-m gauge (3,299 km electrified) (1997)
Highways:
total: 119,390 km
paved: 103,272 km
unpaved: 16,118 km (1998 est.)
Waterways: 3,900 km on the Syrdariya (Syr Darya) and Ertis (Irtysh)
Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas
3,480 km (1992)
Ports and harbors: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Airports: 10 (1997 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (1997 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1997 est.)
@Kazakhstan:Military
Military branches: General Purpose Forces (Army), Air Force, Border
Guards, Navy, Republican Guard
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 4,477,455 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 3,572,688 (2000 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 158,838 (2000 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $322 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.5% (FY99)
@Kazakhstan:Transnational Issues
Disputes -
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