yles successively of Raphael, and in the
incredible activity that crowded a life of thirty-seven years with
such a vast number of portraits and Madonnas, of altar-pieces and
frescoes, mythological, historical, and Biblical. And that still
grander contemporary genius, how he wrought by night with the candle
in his pasteboard cap, how he had dissected and studied the human
frame like an anatomist or surgeon before he chiseled the David and
Moses, or painted the Sistine chapel, and how the plannings of his
busy brain were always in advance of the powers of a hand that, till
the age of eighty-eight, was incessantly at work.

"The servant is not above his master. The lower intellect can buy at
no cheaper price than the higher, and the hour of full intellectual
emancipation comes only when the student has learned to serve--to turn
the whole freshness and sharpness of his intellect on any needful
theme of the hour; it may be the scale of a fossil fish, or the annual
movement of a glacier, the disclosures of the spectrum, or the secrets
of the arrow-headed tongue. All great explorers have been largely
their own teachers, and each young scholar has made the best use of
all helps and helpers when he has learned to teach himself. His
emancipation, once fairly purchased, confers on him potentially the
freedom of the empire of thought; and, as evermore, the freeman toils
harder than the slave. The strong stimulus of such a self-moved
activity, thoroughly aroused, becomes in Choate or Gladstone the
fountain of perpetual youth, and forms the solid basis of the titanic
scholarship of Germany. It stood embodied in the life and motto of the
aged, matchless artist Angelo,--'_Ancora imparo_,' I am learning
still.

"But impulse and activity may move blindly. Another cardinal quality
of such a culture, therefore, must be precision--the close, clean
working of the faculties. A memory trained to clear recollection, what
a saving of reiterated labor and of annoying helplessness. A
discrimination sharpened to the nicest discernment of things that
differ, though always a shining mark for the arrow of the satirist,
will outlive all shots with his gray-goose shaft; for it shines with
the gleam of tempered steel. An exactness of knowledge that defines
all its landmarks, how is it master of the situation. A precision of
speech, born of clear thinking, what controversial battlefields of
sulphurous smoke and scattering fire might it prevent. He has b