ndaries of, ii. 1.
System, its movements, ii. 150.

Italy, relations of, ii. 127.
Degraded state of, ii. 127.
Immorality of, ii. 136.
Cause of her degradation, ii. 143.
Scientific contributions of, ii. 390.
Causes of her depression, ii. 391.

James I., his proceedings against witchcraft, ii. 117.

Jason, the voyage of, i. 41.

Jaxartes, its drying up, i. 29.

Jerome of Prague, his martyrdom, ii. 101.

Jerome, St., denounces Pelagius, i. 294.
Translates the Bible into Latin, i. 306.
His equivocal encomiums on marriage, i. 359, 427.

Jerusalem, position of, i. 77.
Bishops of, i. 272.
Church of, i. 291.
Fall and pillage of, i. 328, 335.
Capture of, ii. 22.
Surrender of, to Frederick II., ii. 68.

Jesuits, the Order of, instituted, ii. 220.
The extent of their influence, ii. 221.
Causes of their suppression, ii. 222.

Jewish physicians, their writings, ii. 120.

Jewish-Spanish physicians, writings of, ii. 123.

Jews, conversion of, i. 270.
Are the teachers of the Saracens, i. 384.
Their influence on supernaturalism, ii. 119.
Medical studies among, ii. 121.
Expulsion of, from France, ii. 126.
Their geographical knowledge and its results, ii. 175.

John, King of England, is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III., ii. 54.

John, Pope, died in prison, i. 353.

John VIII., Pope, pays tribute to the Mohammedans, i. 379.

John XVI., Antipope, cruel and ignominious treatment of, i. 381.

John XXII., Pope, the practical character of his policy, ii. 93.

John of Damascus takes part in the Iconoclastic dispute, ii. 59.

Joshua ben Nun, a professor at Bagdad, i. 402.

Journalism is gradually supplanting oratory, ii. 204.

Judgment, future, according to the Egyptian theology, i. 92.
According to the Koran, i. 345.
Right of individual, asserted by Luther, ii. 209.

Jugurthine War, i. 247.

Julian, Emperor, attempts the restoration of paganism, i. 311.

Justinian closes the philosophical schools in Athens, i. 216.
His re-conquest of Africa, i. 327.
Effect of his wars, i. 351.
Conquers Italy, i. 354.

Justin Martyr, his illustrations of his idea of the divine ray, i. 274.

Kaleidoscope, an optical instrument, ii. 380.

Kalid, the "Sword of God," defeats Heraclius at the battle of
Aiznadin, i. 335.

Kant, his philosophical doctrines, i. 23