ical
literature, I shall here enumerate the species of coleoptera, now
known--after Professor Maeklim's determination of the collections
which we brought home with us--to exist on Novaya Zemlya. These
are:--_Feronia borealis_ Menetr., _F. gelida_ Maekl., _Amara alpina_
Fabr., _Agabus subquadratus_ Motsch., _Homalota sibirica_ Maekl.,
_Homalium angustatum_ Maekl., _Cylletron (?) hyperboreum_ Maekl.,
_Chrysomela septentrionalis_ (?) Menetr., _Prasocuris hannoverana_
Fabr., v. _degenerata_. From Vaygats Island we brought home seven
species more, which were not found on Novaya Zemlya. The insects
occur partly under stones, especially at places where lemming dung
is abundant, or in tracts where birds'-nests are numerous, partly in
warm days on willow-bushes. ]

[Footnote 77: Echini occur only very sparingly in the Kara Sea and
the Siberian Polar Sea, but west of Novaya Zemlya at certain places
in such numbers that they almost appear to cover the sea-bottom. ]

[Footnote 78: Compare Malmgren's instructive papers in the
publications of the Royal (Swedish) Academy of Sciences and
Scoresby's _Arctic Regions_, Edinburgh, 1820, i., p. 502. That the
walrus eats mussels is already indicated in the Dutch drawing from
the beginning of the seventeenth century reproduced below, page 160. ]

[Footnote 79: Implements of walrus-bone occur among the Northern
grave _finds_. ]

[Footnote 80: Compare note at page 48 above. ]

[Footnote 81: I saw in 1858 a _Phoca barbata_ with tusks worn away by
age, which in its reddish-brown colour very much resembled a walrus,
and was little inferior to it in size. ]

[Footnote 82: Albertus Magnus, _De animalibus_, Mantua, 1479, Lib.
xxiv. At the same place however is given a description of the
whale-fishery grounded on actual experience, but with the shrewd
addition that what the old authors had written on the subject did
not correspond with experience. ]

[Footnote 83: This drawing is made after a facsimile by Frederick
Mueller from Hessel Gerritz, _Descriptio et delineatio geographica
detectionis freti, &c._ Amsterodami, 1613. The same drawing is
reproduced coloured in Blavii _Atlas major_, Part I, 1665, p. 25,
with the inscription: "Ad vivum delineatum ab Hesselo G.A." ]

[Footnote 84: The drawing is taken from a Japanese manuscript book
of travels--No. 360 of the Japanese library which I brought home.
According to a communication by an attache of the Japanese embassy
which visited Stockholm i