m, nature, condition, or locus of the substance
or modifies the manifestation of energy or both.

[4] A "property" may be described as any quality common and essential to
the whole of a class but not necessary to mark out that class from other
classes. Thus, all wheel tires may be said to possess annularity; but
washers and finger rings are also annular. A "peculiar property" is one
that not only always belongs to a class of objects but belongs to that
class alone; thus a circle has the peculiar property of containing the
greatest space within a line of given length, and catalytic substances
have the power of setting up chemical reaction without themselves being
changed.

[5] An "accident" is any quality that may indifferently belong or not
belong to a class without affecting the other qualities of the class.
That a man's name is James is an accident telling nothing of the man's
physique or character.

[6] "Effect" or "result" is the consequence of a process of the useful
arts practiced with or without instruments. The effect of an instrument
is the effect of its operation. Effects may be direct or indirect,
proximate or remote, necessary or accidental.

"Product" is an effect consequent upon a process that changes the form,
state, or ingredients of matter perceptibly and permanently, as
distinguished from effects that are fleeting or involve no change in
perceptible form, state, or ingredients of matter.

"Function" is the "action of means upon an object while producing the
effect." (Robinson.) Functions may be direct or indirect, proximate or
remote, necessary or accidental. The direct, proximate, or necessary
function of the hammer in normal operation is impacting. Indirect,
remote, or accidental functions of a hammer may be comminuting, forging,
driving, etc.

[7] Classification of the Sciences.

[8] Logical division is the process by which the species of which a
genus is composed are distinguished and set apart. Physical division or
partition is the process by which the parts of any object are
distinguished and set apart. Metaphysical division is the process by
which the qualities of a thing are segregated and set apart in thought.

[9] Any class of objects may be called a "genus" if it be regarded as
made up of two or more different kinds of objects or of two or more
species. "Motors" is a genus when the class "Motors" is considered as
divided into electric motors and nonelectric motors, or electric motor