annexed to a civil one.

TITLE XVI. OF LOSS OF STATUS

Loss of status, or change in one's previous civil rights, is of three
orders, greatest, minor or intermediate, and least.

1 The greatest loss of status is the simultaneous loss of citizenship
and freedom, exemplified in those persons who by a terrible sentence are
made 'slaves of punishment,' in freedmen condemned for ingratitude to
their patrons, and in those who allow themselves to be sold in order to
share the purchase money when paid.

2 Minor or intermediate loss of status is loss of citizenship
unaccompanied by loss of liberty, and is incident to interdiction of
fire and water and to deportation to an island.

3 The least loss of status occurs when citizenship and freedom are
retained, but a man's domestic position is altered, and is exemplified
by adrogation and emancipation.

4 A slave does not suffer loss of status by being manumitted, for while
a slave he had no civil rights:

5 and where the change is one of dignity, rather than of civil rights,
there is no loss of status; thus it is no loss of status to be removed
from the senate.

6 When it was said that rights by cognation are not affected by loss of
status, only the least loss of status was meant; by the greatest loss
of status they are destroyed--for instance, by a cognate's becoming
a slave--and are not recovered even by subsequent manumission. Again,
deportation to an island, which entails minor or intermediate loss of
status, destroys rights by cognation.

7 When agnates are entitled to be guardians, it is not all who are so
entitled, but only those of the nearest degree, though if all are in the
same degree, all are entitled.

TITLE XVII. OF THE STATUTORY GUARDIANSHIP OF PATRONS

The same statute of the Twelve Tables assigns the guardianship of
freedmen and freedwomen to the patron and his children, and this
guardianship, like that of agnates, is called statutory guardianship;
not that it is anywhere expressly enacted in that statute, but because
its interpretation by the jurists has procured for it as much reception
as it could have obtained from express enactment: the fact that the
inheritance of a freedman or freedwoman, when they die intestate, was
given by the statute to the patron and his children, being deemed a
proof that they were intended to have the guardianship also, partly
because in dealing with agnates the statute coupled guardianship with
succession, an