[69] See A. D. White, _History of the Warfare of Science
with Theology_, already referred to.

[70] Jos. Marie Cros, _St. Francois de Xavier, Sa vie et
ses lettres_, II, p. 392.

[71] Goerres, _La mystique divine naturelle et
diabolique_ (trans. Sainte-foi), I, pp. 470-473.

[72] P. J. Bacci, _Life of St. Philip Neri_ (trans.
Antrobus), II, p. 168.

[73] G. Fox, _Journal_, I, p. 103.

[74] J. Moses, _Pathological Aspects of Religions_, p.
188.

[75] E. Salverte, _The Philosophy of Magic_ (trans.
Thompson), II, p. 81.

CHAPTER VI

TALISMANS

"He had the ring of Gyges, the talisman of invisibility."
--HAMERTON.

"The quack astrologer offers, for five pieces, to give
you home with you a Talisman against Flies; a Sigil to
make you fortunate at gaining; and a Spell that shall as
certainly preserve you from being rob'd for the future;
a sympathetic Powder for violent pains of the
Tooth-ache."--_Character of a Quack Astrologer._

"So far are they distant from the true knowledge of
physic which are ignorant of astrology, that they ought
not rightly to be called physicians, but deceivers; for
it hath been many times experimented and proved that
that which many physicians could not cure or remedy with
their greatest and strongest medicines, the astronomer
hath brought to pass with one simple herb, by observing
the moving of the signs."--FABIAN WITHERS.

In the minds of most persons the terms talisman, amulet, and charm are
synonymous. This may be more or less true as far as they are used
to-day, but in the days when these terms meant something in real life
there was a distinction. The talisman was probably at first an
astronomical figure, but later the term became more comprehensive.
Pope portrays this astrological import in his couplet,

"Of talismans and sigils knew the power,
And carefully watch'd the planetary hour."

The amulet was always carried about the person, while the other two
might be in the possession of the person in the case of the talisman,
or, in the case of the charm, if a material object it could be placed
entirely outside of one's care. The talisman and amulet must be a
compound of some substance, the charm might be a gesture, a look, or a
spoken word. Notice the example of charms according to Tennyson's
words,

"Then, in one moment, she put forth the charm
Of