tinguished for their "daring spirit of adventure and for their
natural courage."

The truth appears to be, that the Sacs and Foxes fought their way from
the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that
place, not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were
among the most active and courageous in the subjugation or rather
extermination of the numerous and powerful Illini confederacy. They have
had many wars, offensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the
Osages and other tribes, some of whom are ranked among the most fierce
and ferocious warriors on the continent; and, it does not appear, that
in these conflicts, running through a long period of years, they were
found wanting in this greatest of savage virtues. In the late war with
Great Britain, a party from the Sacs and Foxes, fought under the British
standard as a matter of choice: and in the recent contest between a
fragment of these tribes and the United States, although defeated and
literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very
questionable whether their reputation as braves, would suffer by a
comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a careful
review of their history, from the period when they first established
themselves on the waters of the Mississippi, down to the present time,
will lead the inquirer to the conclusion, that the Sacs and Foxes are
truly a courageous people, shrewd, politic, and enterprising, with not
more of ferocity and treachery of character, than is common among the
tribes by whom they are surrounded.

CHAPTER II.

Treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians in 1789--treaty and cession of land
to the United States at St. Louis in 1804--Black Hawk's account of
this treaty--Erection of Fort Madison--The British excite the Sac and
Fox Indians to make war upon the United States--A party under Black
Hawk join the British standard in 1812--Treaty at Portage des Sioux in
1815--Treaty of peace with Black Hawk and his band at same place in
1816--Treaty for part of their lands in Missouri in 1824--Treaty of
Prairie des Chiens in 1825--Treaty for the mineral region in
1829--Treaty of peace in 1832, after the "Black Hawk war"--Present
residence of the Sacs and Foxes.

The first treaty between the United States and the Sacs, was made at
Fort Harmar, on the Muskingum river, on the 9th of January 1789. It was
concluded by Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Ter