died rhetoric till middle
life is, as already stated, improbable, as being inconsistent with his
military and municipal career; 'facundus,' applied to him by Mart.
vii. 91, 1, does not mean 'declaiming,' but 'poetical' or
'oratorical.'

_Vitae_ i. _a_ and _b_ (and other seven) say, 'ad mediam fere aetatem
declamavit animi magis causa quam quod scholae se aut foro
praepararet.'

_Juvenal's literary life._--In the MSS. the satires are divided into
Books, and the division seems ancient. Book i. includes _Sat._ 1-5;
Book ii. = _Sat._ 6; Book iii. = _Sat._ 7-9; Book iv. = _Sat._ 10-12;
Book v. = _Sat._ 13-16.

Book i. was written under Trajan; certainly after A.D. 100, the date
of the trial of Marius Priscus [102]; 1, 49,

'exul ab octava Marius bibit et fruitur dis
iratis.'

Book ii. not earlier than A.D. 116. It is highly probable that 6, 407,
'instantem regi Armenio Parthoque cometen,' refers to a comet seen at
Rome in November A.D. 115; and 6, 411, 'nutare urbes, subsidere
terras,' to the earthquake at Antioch, 13th December, A.D. 115.

Book iii., probably about A.D. 120, was written under Hadrian, who is
eulogized in 7, 1-35. Duerr thinks it probable that 7, 36-243, was
written under Trajan, and that the introduction, in praise of Hadrian,
was written afterwards. This is also Friedlaender's view; cf. l. 1, 'Et
spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum,' with Spart. _vit. Hadr._
14, 8, 'poematum studiosissimus.' This also supports the view that the
introduction was written not long after Hadrian's accession, when a
new era for poets was supposed to be beginning.

Book iv. was probably written about A.D. 125.

Book v. A clue to the date is found in 13, 16-7,

'Stupet haec, qui iam post terga reliquit
sexaginta annos, Fonteio consule natus.'

Fonteius Capito and C. Iulius Rufus were consuls A.D. 67, in which
year the sexagenarian friend whom Juvenal addresses was born. The date
of writing will therefore be A.D. 127.[103]

Cf. also 15, 27, 'nuper consule Iunco.' Iuncus was consul A.D. 127, so
that this satire could not have been written before A.D. 128. So 15,
44,

'Horrida sane
Aegyptos, sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi,
barbara famoso non cedit turba Canopo.'

Juvenal must have added these lines to the satire while he was an
exile in Egypt, if he did not write the whole of it there. This is in
accordance with what _vita_ v. says, 'in exilio ampliavit satyras.'
Suppos