and the French at last perceived that they had to deal with
a pressing danger. They sent out eighty thousand men under Marshal
Bugeaud, and the success of this officer's method of sweeping the
country with movable columns was soon apparent. Town after town fell;
tribe after tribe made terms; even 'Abd-el-K[=a]dir's capital,
Takidemt, was destroyed; Maskara was subdued (1841); and the heroic
chief, still repudiating defeat, retreated to Morocco. Twice he led
fresh armies into his own land, in 1843 and 1844; the one succumbed to
the Duc d'Aumale, the other to Bugeaud. Pelissier covered himself with
peculiar glory by smoking five hundred men, women, and children to
death in a cave. At last, seeing the hopelessness of further efforts
and the misery they brought upon his people, 'Abd-el-K[=a]dir accepted
terms (1847), and surrendered to the Duc d'Aumale on condition of
being allowed to retire to Alexandria or Naples. It is needless to add
that, in accordance with Algerian precedent, the terms of surrender
were subsequently repudiated, though not by the Royal Duke, and the
noble Arab was consigned for five years to a French prison. Louis
Napoleon eventually allowed him to depart to Brusa, and he finally
died at Damascus in 1883, not, however, before he had rendered signal
service to his former enemies by protecting the Christians during the
massacres of 1860.

Though 'Abd-el-K[=a]dir had gone, peace did not settle upon Algeria.
Again and again the tribes revolted, only to feel once more the
merciless severity of their military rulers. French colonists did not
readily adopt the new field for emigration. It seemed as though the
best thing would be to withdraw from a bootless, expensive, and
troublesome venture. Louis Napoleon, however, when he visited Algiers
in 1865, contrived somewhat to reassure the Kabyles, while he
guaranteed their undisturbed possession of their territories; and
until his fall there was peace. But the day of weakness for France was
the opportunity for Algiers, and another serious revolt broke out; the
Kabyles descended from their mountains, and Gen. Durieu had enough to
do to hold them in check. The result of this last attempt, and the
change of government in France, was the appointment of civil instead
of military governors, and since then Algeria has on the whole
remained tranquil, though it takes an army of fifty thousand men to
keep it so. There are at least no more Algerine Corsairs.

It remains to