conqueror. Barbarossa had once more proved to the world that the
Turkish fleet was invincible. The flag of Suleym[=a]n floated supreme
in all the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

FOOTNOTES:

[33] See the _Story of Turkey_, 195.

[34] Von Hammer, _Gesch. d. Osm. Reiches_, ii. 142.

[35] H[=a]jji Khal[=i]fa, 58.

[36] Jurien de la Graviere, _Doria et Barberousse_, Pt. II., ch.
xlii.-xlv.; H[=a]jji Khal[=i]fa, 62; Von Hammer, ii. 155; Morgan, 290.

X.

BARBAROSSA IN FRANCE.

1539-1546.

Barbarossa's life was drawing to a close, but in the eight years that
remained he enhanced his already unrivalled renown. His first exploit
after Prevesa was the recapture of Castelnuovo, which the allied
fleets had seized in October, as some compensation on land for their
humiliation at sea. The Turkish armies had failed to recover the
fortress in January, 1539; but in July Barbarossa went to the front as
usual, with a fleet of two hundred galleys, large and small, and all
his best captains; and, after some very pretty fighting in the Gulf of
Cattaro, landed eighty-four of his heaviest guns and bombarded
Castelnuovo, from three well-placed batteries. On August 7th, a
sanguinary assault secured the first line of the defences; three days
later the governor, Don Francisco Sarmiento, and his handful of
Spaniards, surrendered to a final assault, and were surprised to find
themselves chivalrously respected as honourable foes. Three thousand
Spaniards had fallen, and eight thousand Turks, in the course of the
siege.

One more campaign and Barbarossa's feats are over. Great events were
happening on the Algerine coasts, where we must return after too long
an absence in the Levant and Adriatic: but first the order of years
must be neglected that we may see the last of the most famous of all
the Corsairs. To make amends for the coldness of Henry VIII., Francis
I. was allied with the other great maritime power, Turkey, against the
Emperor, in 1543; and the old sea rover actually brought his fleet of
one hundred and fifty ships to Marseilles. The French captains saluted
the Corsair's _capitana_, and the banner of Our Lady was lowered to be
replaced by the Crescent. Well may a French admiral call this "the
impious alliance." On his way Barbarossa enjoyed a raid in quite his
old style; burnt Reggio and carried off the governor's daughter;
appeared off the Tiber, and terrified the people of Civita Vecchia;
and in July entered the G