kes a bad tree, as bad as a crotchy tree.

Mr. Kellogg: Isn't it better to dehorn it and get some new shoots to
graft?

Mr. Philips: Yes, sir, and if they are _very old_ the best way is to set
out new trees.

Mr. Crosby: In getting scions are there any distinguishing marks between
a vigorous scion and one not vigorous?

Mr. Philips: Nothing, only the general appearance. If I see a scion that
looks deficient I pass it by.

Mr. Erkel: Would it be practical to use water shoots for scions?

Mr. Philips: I should rather not. I have always had scions enough to
avoid using water shoots. They are an unnatural growth; I wouldn't use
them. Take a good healthy scion.

Mr. Kellogg: Would scions from bearing trees with the blossom buds on do
you any good?

Mr. Philips: Well, not with a blossom bud on; I wouldn't use such a
scion. Some people say if you cut your scions from a bearing tree they
will bear quicker, but I never saw any difference.

Inasmuch as this question has been asked a great many times by people,
what age to plant a tree, whether it is best to plant young trees or
trees four or five years old, I will say I am in favor of young trees,
and I am in favor of grafting a tree when it is young.

Mr. Brackett: Isn't that a general opinion in the West where they make a
business of planting large orchards?

Mr. Philips: I think so. I think that is the case.

Mrs. Cadoo: Can you graft onto a Martha crab and have success with that?

Mr. Philips: I never had very good success with the Martha crab; it
isn't vigorous enough.

Mrs. Cadoo: We had a tree twelve years and got seven apples.

Mr. Philips: Well, I think I got eight. (Laughter.) I believe with the
Martha crab if you will plant it where there are other crab trees around
it you get a pretty good crop, but not if you isolate it. I have an idea
it is not self-fertilizing. I think that is the trouble with the Martha.
It is a nice crab.

Mr. Brackett: You showed the difference in size there, those top-worked
and those not--don't you think that is because of cutting the top back?
You throw a heavy growth in there, which makes the fruit that much
larger?

Mr. Philips: Well, it might be.

Mr. Street: Have you had any experience in budding in August or first of
September on those trees?

Mr. Philips: Yes, sir, I do a little budding every year. Budding is a
hard thing to do, that is, it is a particular thing to get the bud
matured enough and still have suffi