2. In 1992, section 2319 was amended by substituting a new
subsection (b), by deleting "sound recording," "motion picture" and
"audiovisual work" from subsection (c)(1) and by substituting "120" for
"118" in subsection (c)(2). Pub. L. No. 102-561, 106 Stat. 4233. In
1997, a technical amendment corrected the spelling of "last" in
subsection (b)(1) to "least." Pub. L. No. 105-80, 111 Stat. 1529, 1536.

In 1997, the No Electronic Theft Act amended section 2319 of title 18 as
follows: 1) in subsection (a) by inserting "and (c)" after "subsection
(b),"; 2) in subsection (b), in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by
inserting "section 506(a)(1) of title 17" in lieu of "subsection (a) of
this section,"; 3) in subsection (b)(1) by inserting "including by
electronic means" and by inserting "which have a total retail value" in
lieu of "with a retail value," 4) by redesignating subsection (c) as
subsection (e); and 5) by adding new subsections (c) and (d). Pub. L.
No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678. The Act also directed the United States
Sentencing Commission to "ensure that the applicable guideline range for
a defendant convicted of a crime against intellectual property . . . is
sufficiently stringent to deter such a crime" and to "ensure that the
guidelines provide for consideration of the retail value and quantity of
the items with respect to which the crime against intellectual property
was committed."* Id.* See also endnote 5, chapter 5, *supra.*

3 In 1994, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act added section 2319A to
title 18 of the *United States Code.* Pub. L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat.
4809, 4974. In 1997, the No Electronic Theft Act amended section 2319A
by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as subsections (e) and (f),
respectively, and by adding subsection (d). Pub. L. No. 105-147, 111
Stat. 2678. See also endnote 2, *supra*, regarding the United States
Sentencing Commission.

4 In 1948, section 1338, entitled "Patents, copyrights, trade-marks,
and unfair competition," was added to title 28 of the *United States
Code.* Pub. L. No. 773, 62 Stat. 869, 931. In 1970, the title of section
1338 and the text of subsection (b) were amended to insert "plant
variety protection" after "patent." Pub. L. No. 91-577, 84 Stat. 1542,
1559. In 1988, the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act
amended section 1338 by adding "mask works" to the title and by adding
subsection (c). Pub. L. No. 100-702, 102 Stat. 4642, 4671.

5 In 1960, s