r were
at this time, divided into five bands, usually acting entirely
independently of one another, but uniting in case of emergency; or for
the purpose of making their annual raid on the Mexican towns. This
occurs at the season when the buffaloes have migrated to the north, and
is jocularly termed by the savages the "Mexican moon." It was on their
return from one of these expeditions that the band of Tonsaroyoo, the
head chief of the nation, had intercepted our unlucky party. The band of
Tonsaroyoo (Lone Wolf) was the most numerous and powerful of the five,
and hence was usually able to undertake their forays without the
assistance of the other parties. Twice only during my long residence
among them was a general levy or muster of the whole nation deemed
necessary; and it was a spectacle not easily forgotten. In the first
instance a raid of greater magnitude than usual had been determined
upon, and every warrior was assembled to take part in it. Assembled at
our village, they were joined by nearly five hundred Apaches, led by
Mah-to-chee-ga (Little Bear), their second chief. Thus, when they
defiled through the western portal of the valley, Tonsaroyoo rode at the
head of nearly seven thousand warriors.

With the Camanches, as with most other tribes, the chief rank is held by
hereditary descent. Thus, the son of a chief usually succeeds his father
in the rulership of his tribe or band; there are, of course, exceptions
to this; but it is the general rule. The head chief and second chief of
the nation, however, are chosen from among the chiefs of each tribe; the
selection being made by the council. This body numbers twelve members,
and are chosen by the whole nation; holding their positions during life,
or until incapacitated by old age. Among them are found the most
distinguished warriors of the tribe, and the head priest is also
included in their number.

The installation of a new counselor is considered by the Indians an
occasion of great importance; and as it is a very interesting ceremony,
I will briefly describe it.

On the occasion in question, Ar-ran-e-jah (Bloody Arm), had announced
his determination to retire from the position of first counselor, which
he had held for many years. Calling together the chiefs and braves, he
addressed them somewhat as follows: "Brothers, warriors of the Hietan;
for many winters Bloody Arm has faithfully served you. He is no longer
young, his body is weakened by the many wounds he