the decoration of the house of God. For these reasons they
invented what is called the _grisaille_ glass: it is painted in regular
patterns in gray tones of color. Sometimes these windows are varied by a
leaf pattern in shades of green and brown, with occasional touches of
bright color; but this is used very sparingly. Some of these _grisaille_
windows are seen in France; but the finest are in Germany in the Cathedral
of Heiligenkreuz: they date from the first half of the thirteenth century.

THE FINAL, OR GOTHIC PERIOD.

The Gothic order of architecture, which was perfected during this period,
had a decided influence upon the painting and sculpture of the time; but
this influence was not felt until Gothic architecture had reached a high
point in its development. France was now the leading country of the world,
and Paris came to be the most important of all cities: it was the centre
from which went forth edicts as to the customs of society, the laws of
dress and conduct, and even of the art of love. From France came the codes
of chivalry, and the crusades, which spread to other lands, originated
there. Thus, for the time, Paris overshadowed Rome and the older centres
of art, industry, and science, with a world-wide influence.

[Illustration: FIG. 23.--FIGURE OF HENRY I. IN WEST WINDOW OF STRASBOURG
CATHEDRAL.]

Although the painting of this period had largely the same characteristics
as that of the Romanesque period, it had a different spirit, and it was no
longer under the control of the clergy. Before this time, too, painters
had frequently been skilled in other arts; now it became the custom for
them to be painters only, and besides this they were divided into certain
classes of painters, and were then associated with other craftsmen who
were engaged in the trade which was connected with their art. That is, the
glass-painters painted glass only, and were associated with the
glass-blowers; those who decorated shields, with the shield or scutcheon
makers, and so on; while the painters, pure and simple, worked at
wall-painting, and a little later at panel-painting also. From this
association of artists and tradesmen there grew up brotherhoods which
supported their members in all difficulties, and stood by each other like
friends. Each brotherhood had its altar in some church; they had their
funerals and festivals in common, and from these brotherhoods grew up the
more powerful societies which were called guilds. Th