r_ p. 202 _read_ initial letter, p. 200.

" 64, note 1, " 7209 " 7029.

" 162, line 19, " west " east.

" 165, " 22, " Bajazet II. " Bajazet I.

PART I.

ROUMANIA, TO-DAY.

We love
The king who loves the law, respects his bounds,
And reigns content within them; him we serve
Truly and with delight who leaves us free.

COWPER.

There virtue reigns as queen in royal throne,
And giveth laws alone.
The which the base affections do obey,
And yield their services unto her will.

SPENSER.

[Illustration: Physical Map of ROUMANIA]

CHAPTER I.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.

Limits, dimensions, and population of Roumania--Comparison with
England--Configuration of the surface--Altitudes of
towns--Mountains--Appearance of the country--The region of the
plains--Plants and agricultural condition--The peasantry--Female
navvies--Costumes--Wells--Subterranean dwellings--Marsh
fever--Travelling, past and present--Zone of the hills--Plants,
flowers, fruits, and cereals--Cheap fruits--Improved
dwellings--Wages of labourers--Petroleum
wells--Rock-salt--Mines--The Carpathians--Character of the
scenery--Alpine trees and plants--Sinaia--The King's summer
residence--The monastery--Conveniences for visitors, baths,
&c.--Occupations of visitors--Beautiful scenery--The new
palace--The King and Queen--Geology of Roumania--Scanty
details--The chief deposits and their
localities--Minerals--Salt--Petroleum--Lignite--Ozokerit--
Haematite--Undeveloped mineral wealth.

I.

The kingdom of Roumania is situated between 22 deg. 29' and 29 deg. 42' east of
Greenwich, and between 43 deg. 37' and 48 deg. 13' north of the equator. Its
general boundaries are, on the _east_ and _south_, the Pruth and the
Danube, with the exception of the Dobrudscha south of the latter river,
at its embouchures, and on the _west_ and _north_ by the Carpathian
mountains, along whose heights the boundary line runs. The limit which
separates it from Bulgaria, on the south-east leaves the Danube just
east of Silistria, and runs irregularly in a south-easterly direction
until it reaches the Black Sea, about nine miles and a half south of
Mangalia. (North-east of this line runs the Roumanian Railway from
Cernavoda to Constanta or Kustendjie, and sout