and other
teachers who belong to the Old Academy, as it is called, among whom
were Polemo, Krates, and Krantor. The New Academy, that is, the
philosophical sect so called, was established by Arcesilaus; who was
succeeded by several teachers of little note. Karneades, a native of
Cyrene, the man mentioned by Plutarch, was he who gave to the New
Academy its chief repute. Philo was not the immediate pupil of
Karneades. He was a native of Larissa, and during the war with
Mithridates he came to Rome, where he delivered lectures. Cicero was
one of his hearers, and often mentions him. Philo according to Cicero
(_Academ._ i. i) denies that there were two Academies. Antiochus, of
Askalon, was a pupil of Philo, but after he had founded a school of
his own he attempted to reconcile the doctrines of the Old Academy
with those of the Peripatetics and Stoics; and he became an opponent
of the New Academy. Antiochus was with Lucullus in Egypt. (Cicero,
_Academ. Prior._ ii. c. 4.) The usual division of the Academy is into
the Old and New; but other divisions also were made. The first and
oldest was the school of Plato, the second or middle was that of
Arkesilaus, and the third was that of Karneades and Kleitomachus. Some
make a fourth, the school of Philo and Charmidas; and a fifth, which
was that of Antiochus. (Sextus Empiricus, _Pyrrh. Hypot._ i. 220.)]

[Footnote 437: This is the Second Book of the Academica Priora, in
which Lucullus, Catulus, Cicero, and Hortensius arr represented as
discussing the doctrines of the Academy in the villa of Hortensius at
Bauli.]

[Footnote 438: Plutarch's word is [Greek: katalepsis], the word that
was used by the Academics. Cicero translates [Greek: katalepsis] by
the Latin word Comprehensio. The doctrine which Lucullus maintains is
that the sensuous perception is true. "If all perceptions are such, as
the New Academy maintained them to be, that they may be false or
cannot be distinguished from what are true, how, it is asked, can we
say of anyone that he has come to a conclusion or discovered
anything?" (_Academ. Prior_, ii. c. 9.) The doctrine as to the
impossibility of knowing anything, as taught by Karneades, is
explained by Sextus Empiricus (_Advers. Mathematicos_, vii. 159). The
doctrine of the incomprehensible nature of things, that there is
nothing certain to be collected either from the sense or the
understanding, that there is no [Greek: katalepsis] (comprehensio),
comprehension, may be