windows, instead, as formerly, only in large communal houses that
were built and conducted on the communal plan.

Their manners and customs are peculiar to themselves and make an
interesting study. Their civilization is entirely original, though
modified to some extent by centuries of contact with the whites. They
understand the Spanish language, but have not forgotten their mother
tongue. They hold tenaciously to their old customs and have not
changed materially during the past four hundred years.

During that time the Catholic missionaries endeavored to convert them
to Christianity, but with only partial success. While they appeared to
acquiesce, by giving formal obedience to the requirements of the new
religion, they yet held sacred their old beliefs and in the privacy of
the estufa practiced in secret the rites and ceremonies of their
ancient faith.

The Spaniards undertook to conquer a free and independent people by
teaching them dependence and submission, but signally failed. After a
struggle of two hundred and eighty years Spanish civilization withdrew
and left the Pueblo civilization victorious.

Under successive Spanish, Mexican and American rule the Pueblo has
preserved itself intact which fact stamps the Pueblo people as being
eminently valiant, self-reliant and persevering. They are peaceable,
industrious and hospitable and are said to be the best governed people
in the world. As nearly as can be ascertained they are free from every
gross vice and crime and Mr. C. F. Lummis, who knows them well,
believes them to be a crimeless people.

The Moquis of Arizona are the most primitive of the Pueblo Indians and
are worthy representatives of their race. They are of the Aztecan
branch of the Shoshonean family and probably the lineal descendents of
the cliff dwellers. Their home is on the Painted Desert in
northeastern Arizona where they have lived for many centuries. It is a
barren and desolate spot and has been likened to Hades with its fires
extinguished. Nevertheless it is an exceedingly interesting region and
furnishes many attractions. The landscape is highly picturesque and
the phantasmagoric effects of the rarified atmosphere are bewitching.

In the early Spanish days Moqui land was designated as the Province of
Tusayan and was shrouded in mystery. The seven Moqui towns were at one
time regarded as the seven Cities of Cibola, but later it was decided
that Zuni and not Moqui was the true Cib