ing given in English and the
management being in the hands of British and Irish ecclesiastics. About
15,200 scholars attend the private colleges in Paris.

Proceeding now to speak of the actual condition of the _lycees_, or
lyceums, it may at once be stated that boarders at one of these
establishments in Paris pay from $200 to $300 annually, and in the
provinces from $150 to $200, according to age. Considering that this one
charge covers board, instruction, books, washing, clothes, writing
materials, medical attendance and medicine, it will readily be
understood that the income from this source is totally inadequate to
meet the outlays. The government, besides providing a large number of
gratuitous scholarships, makes up the deficit, whatever it may be, and
thus really maintains the lyceums. There are in Paris five national
lycees, besides the lyceum at Vanves, situated at a little distance to
the south of the capital, at what was once the villa of the prince de
Conde, on the Vaugirard route. At Vanves the younger pupils have the
opportunity afforded them of pursuing their studies in the country, and
only entering one of the Paris lycees when they have worked themselves
into the fifth class. The most famous as well as the largest of the
lyceums of Paris is the Lycee Descartes, formerly called the Lycee
Louis-le-Grand. It stands in the Rue St. Jacques, on the spot formerly
occupied by the Jesuits' College de Clermont, which was founded in 1563,
and confiscated when the Jesuits were expelled from France by the duc de
Choiseul in 1764. As is well known, Moliere and Voltaire, two of the
bitterest enemies of the Jesuits, were educated at the College de
Clermont. At Louis-le-Grand were also educated Crebillon, the author of
the _Sopha_; Gresset, the writer of _Vert-vert_; Robespierre, Camille
Desmoulins, Cremieux, Eugene Delacroix, Victor Hugo; the eminent surgeon
Dupuytren; Jules Janin, Villemain, Littre and Laboulaye. At present 540
of its 1200 pupils are day scholars.

Sainte-Barbe, the most celebrated of the free colleges of Paris, sends
its pupils to the course of instruction at the Lycee Descartes.
Sainte-Barbe was founded in 1460 by the Abbe Lenormand, and reorganized
after the Revolution by Delaneau: it stands in the Place du Pantheon, on
a small plot of ground, and is so thickly surrounded by buildings that
the play-ground is not even large enough for the pupils to move about
in. The younger among them are therefore